Maria Martello

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1. "Luminescence and Fluorescence." FMS - The Fluorescent Mineral Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2017.

   1. “Light is a form of energy.  To create light, another form of energy must be supplied.  There are two common ways for this to occur, incandescence and luminescence”
       

   2. Luminescence - “Cold Light”

      1. Can be emitted from normal and lower temperatures

      2. The energy source kicks an electron of an atom out of its lowest ground state into an excited state

      3. Excited energy is greater than energy of the emitted light
          

   3. Incandescence - “Heat Energy”

      1. Heating something to a high enough temperature that it glows

      2. When something glows “Red hot”

      3. The sun and stars glow by incandescence
          

   4. Fluorescence and Photoluminescence - Electromagnetic radiation

      1. Photoluminescence - "luminesce from any electromagnetic radiation"

      2. Fluorescence - Luminescence caused by ultraviolet but can be used for other examples of photoluminescence
          

   5. Chemiluminescence - Chemical reactions

      1. Those glow-in-the-dark plastic tubes sold in amusement parks are examples of chemiluminescence.
          

   6. Bioluminescence - Luminescence caused by chemical reactions in living things

      1. Form of chemiluminescence

      2. Fireflies glow by bioluminescence
          

   7. Phosphorescence - afterglow

      1. An electron is put in a high-energy state, it gets trapped there for some time

      2. The electrons escape the trap in time; in other cases they remain trapped until some trigger gets them unstuck

      3. Glow-in-the-dark products
          

   8. Triboluminescence - Phosphorescence that is caused by mechanical action

      1. Electroluminescence excited by electricity generated by mechanical action

      2. Some minerals glow when hit or scratched

      3. The visible light emitted is often a secondary fluorescence effect like from electroluminescence in the ultraviolet
         
          

2. "Chemiluminescence." Attractive Experiments with Luminescence. School Didactic Kt, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2017.

   1. Chemiluminescence is the emission of cold light as a result of a chemical reaction

   2. In a chemiluminescent reaction, reactive intermediates are formed

   3. “Compounds A and B react together forming C* and D while C* is in electronically excited or energetically rich state. C* can get rid of its extra energy by several pathways”
      
       

3. "Lightsticks and Luminescence." American Chemical Society. Chemistry for Life, n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2017.

   1. I watched a video about glow sticks and how they can glow without a bulb or a battery

   2. Incandescence - The emission of light due to heat

   3. Fluorescence and phosphorescence - The emission of light in response to radiation energy

   4. Laser generation - Concentrated emission of light using stimulated emission
      
       

4. Helmenstine, Ph.D. Anne Marie. "Why Wintergreen Lifesavers Spark in the Dark." ThoughtCo. About Inc., n.d. Web. 28 Mar. 2017.

   1. Lots of hard candies can be used to see triboluminescence, but wintergreen-flavored candies work the best because wintergreen oil fluorescence “enhances the light”

   2. Occurs when molecules (crystalline sugars) are crushed and electrons are forced out of their atomic fields

      1. Electrons collide with nitrogen molecules in the air and give them energy which causes them to vibrate

      2. Emits mostly ultraviolet but also emits visible light as well
         
          

5. “Magic Tricks”. Attractive Experiments with Luminescence. School Didactic Kt, n.d. Web. 3 April. 2017. <https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/videos/chemmatters-oct2010-magic-tricks.pdf?_ga=1.248404611.587090785.1490711525>

   1. Triboluminescence - The emission of light that results from crushing or pulling apart a material

   2. The emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different color

   3. [The crushing that gives off a wintergreen mint light] is actually a combination of two effects called triboluminescence and fluorescence.

   4. After these electrons move in the crystal, they rush back to their original positions

   5. Some of them jump through the air in a crack, creating an electrical current that excites nitrogen molecules (N2) in the air.

   6. In these excited nitrogen molecules, electrons move from their original energy levels to higher energy levels

   7. These electrons go back to their original energy levels and emit light. Most of this light is ultraviolet, which is invisible, but there is also light produced by a chemical called methyl salicylate gives wintergreen its flavor. This chemical produces light by fluorescence—it emits light after absorbing light of a different color.

   8. Methyl salicylate absorbs the ultraviolet light produced by the sugar crystals and emits visible blue light  The invisible light created by crushing the sugar crystals in the candy is changed into blue light by the methyl salicylate present in the candy
      
       

6. "Triboluminescence." Geology. Geoscience and Information, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2017. <http://geology.com/minerals/triboluminescence/>.

   1. Triboluminescence occurs in quartz

      1. Well known in sphalerite, fluorite, calcite, muscovite, and many feldspar minerals

      2. Some specimens of common opal produce a bright orange flash